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Surgery for Rectal Cancer
Info
Surgery is the most common treatment for rectal cancer. It involves removing the cancerous tissue along with a margin of healthy tissue to ensure complete removal of the tumor.
The type of surgery used will depend on the size and location of the tumor as well as the stage of the cancer. In some cases, radiation therapy or chemotherapy may be used before or after surgery to shrink the tumor or to kill any remaining cancer cells.
There are two main types of surgery for rectal cancer:
Transanal excision: This type of surgery is used to remove small, early-stage tumors located in the rectum. The surgeon inserts an endoscope with a cutting tool attached into the rectum to remove the tumor. This type of surgery is less invasive than other types and requires a shorter recovery time.
Resection: This type of surgery is used to remove larger tumors or tumors that have spread to nearby lymph nodes. There are two main types of resection surgery:
Low anterior resection: This surgery involves removing the tumor and a portion of the rectum, and then reattaching the remaining healthy portion of the rectum to the colon. This is done to preserve bowel function.
Abdominoperineal resection: This surgery involves removing the tumor, the entire rectum, and the anus. A colostomy is then created to allow for waste removal. This surgery is typically used for more advanced tumors or those located closer to the anus.
Surgery is one of the main treatments for rectal cancer, but like any other medical procedure, it has both benefits and drawbacks
Advantages
Complete removal of the tumor: Surgery is the most effective way to completely remove the cancerous tissue, which increases the chances of a cure.
Fewer side effects than chemotherapy or radiation therapy: Surgery may cause some side effects, but they are usually less severe than those associated with chemotherapy or radiation therapy.
Improved quality of life: Surgery can help alleviate symptoms caused by the tumor, such as rectal bleeding, abdominal pain, and constipation.
Disadvantages
Risk of complications: As with any surgery, there is a risk of complications such as infection, bleeding, and damage to nearby organs.
Bowel dysfunction: Depending on the type of surgery performed, some patients may experience bowel dysfunction, including incontinence or frequent bowel movements.
Long recovery time: Recovery from surgery can take several weeks to months, depending on the type of surgery performed and the individual’s overall health.
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Arrival
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Treatment
You will undergo a final consultation with the healthcare provider to finalize the course of treatment before proceeding with the required medical procedures.
Process
Surgery is often the first-line treatment for rectal cancer. The goal of surgery is to remove the tumor and surrounding tissue, including nearby lymph nodes, while preserving bowel function.
The surgery can be done either through an open incision or with a minimally invasive approach, such as laparoscopic or robotic-assisted surgery.
Before surgery, patients may need to undergo various tests and procedures, such as colonoscopy, biopsy, imaging scans, and blood tests. Patients will also need to prepare for surgery by following dietary instructions and taking bowel preparation medications.
During surgery, the patient is given general anesthesia, which puts them to sleep and keeps them pain-free during the procedure. The surgeon will make an incision in the abdomen or use small incisions for laparoscopic or robotic-assisted surgery. The surgeon will then remove the tumor and any affected tissue, including nearby lymph nodes.
After removing the tumor, the surgeon will perform an anastomosis to reconnect the remaining parts of the colon or rectum. In some cases, a temporary colostomy or ileostomy may be needed to allow the colon or rectum time to heal. This involves creating an opening in the abdomen and attaching a bag to collect waste.
After Surgery
After surgery, the patient will be closely monitored in the hospital to ensure that the bowel is functioning properly and there are no complications.
Pain management and wound care are important parts of the recovery process. Patients may also need to receive antibiotics and be monitored for signs of infection.
In the weeks and months following surgery, patients will need to follow a special diet and gradually increase physical activity. They may also need to receive additional treatment, such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy, depending on the stage and extent of the cancer.
Overall, surgery for rectal cancer has a high success rate, with many patients experiencing a complete cure. However, there are some potential risks and complications associated with the procedure, such as bleeding, infection, bowel obstruction, and complications from anesthesia. Additionally, some patients may experience long-term side effects, such as bowel or bladder dysfunction, sexual dysfunction, or changes in bowel habits. It is important for patients to discuss the potential risks and benefits of surgery with their healthcare provider and to follow all post-operative instructions to optimize their recovery.
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FAQ
The recovery time can vary depending on the individual’s overall health, the extent of the surgery, and the type of procedure performed. Generally, it takes about 6-8 weeks to fully recover from rectal cancer surgery.
In some cases, a colostomy bag may be needed after rectal cancer surgery, especially if the rectum is removed. However, not all patients require a colostomy bag, and the decision will depend on the specific circumstances of the surgery.
Like any surgery, rectal cancer surgery has certain risks, including bleeding, infection, damage to surrounding organs, and anesthesia complications. In addition, specific risks associated with rectal cancer surgery include damage to the anal sphincter, urinary or sexual dysfunction, and bowel obstruction
The most common types of rectal cancer surgery include transanal resection, local excision, and radical surgery. Transanal resection is a minimally invasive approach that removes the tumor through the anus, while local excision is used for smaller tumors that have not spread. Radical surgery involves removing the entire rectum and is typically used for more advanced cases.
The need for additional treatments such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy will depend on the stage and extent of the cancer. In some cases, these treatments may be recommended before or after surgery to help improve outcomes and reduce the risk of recurrence. The decision will be made on a case-by-case basis by the patient’s medical team.